Sinadaran da hanyoyin da za a bi don cire sinadarin ammonia daga ruwa

1. Menene sinadarin ammonia nitrogen?

Nitrogen na ammonia yana nufin ammonia a cikin nau'in ammonia kyauta (ko ammonia mara ionic, NH3) ko ammonia ionic (NH4+). Mafi girman pH da mafi girman rabo na ammonia kyauta; Akasin haka, rabon gishirin ammonia yana da yawa.

Sinadarin ammonia nitrogen sinadari ne da ke cikin ruwa, wanda zai iya haifar da fitar da ruwa daga jiki, kuma shine babban abin da ke gurbata iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, wanda ke da guba ga kifaye da wasu halittun ruwa.

Babban illar da sinadarin ammonia nitrogen ke yi wa halittun ruwa shine ammonia mara guba, wanda gubarsa ta fi gishirin ammonia sau da yawa, kuma tana ƙaruwa da ƙaruwar alkalinity. Gubar ammonia nitrogen tana da alaƙa da ƙimar pH da zafin ruwan ruwan tafkin, gabaɗaya, idan ƙimar pH ta fi yawa da zafin ruwan, to, gubar ta fi ƙarfi.

Hanyoyi guda biyu na launi masu auna kusanci da aka saba amfani da su don tantance ammonia sune hanyar Nessler reagent ta gargajiya da kuma hanyar phenol-hypochlorite. Ana kuma amfani da hanyoyin titration da lantarki don tantance ammonia; Idan abun cikin ammonia nitrogen ya yi yawa, ana iya amfani da hanyar titration distillation. (Ka'idojin ƙasa sun haɗa da hanyar reagent ta Nath, salicylic acid spectrophotometry, hanyar distillation – titration)

2. Tsarin cire sinadarin nitrogen na jiki da sinadarai

① Hanyar ruwan sama mai guba

Hanyar hazo ta sinadarai, wacce aka fi sani da hanyar hazo ta MAP, ita ce a ƙara magnesium da phosphoric acid ko hydrogen phosphate a cikin ruwan shara da ke ɗauke da ammonia nitrogen, ta yadda NH4+ a cikin ruwan shara zai yi aiki da Mg+ da PO4- a cikin ruwan shara don samar da hazo ta ammonia magnesium phosphate, tsarin kwayoyin halitta shine MgNH4P04.6H20, don cimma manufar cire ammonia nitrogen. Magnesium ammonium phosphate, wanda aka fi sani da struvite, ana iya amfani da shi azaman takin zamani, ƙarin ƙasa ko mai hana wuta don gina samfuran gini. Lissafin amsawa shine kamar haka:

Mg++ NH4 + + PO4 – = MgNH4P04

Babban abubuwan da ke shafar tasirin maganin ruwan sama na sinadarai sune ƙimar pH, zafin jiki, yawan sinadarin nitrogen na ammonia da rabon molar (n(Mg+): n(NH4+): n(P04-)). Sakamakon ya nuna cewa lokacin da ƙimar pH ta kasance 10 kuma rabon molar na magnesium, nitrogen da phosphorus ya kasance 1.2:1:1.2, tasirin magani ya fi kyau.

Ta hanyar amfani da magnesium chloride da disodium hydrogen phosphate a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwar ruwa, sakamakon ya nuna cewa tasirin maganin ya fi kyau idan ƙimar pH ta kasance 9.5 kuma rabon molar na magnesium, nitrogen da phosphorus shine 1.2:1:1.

Sakamakon ya nuna cewa MgC12+Na3PO4.12H20 ya fi sauran haɗin sinadarai masu fitar da ruwa. Idan ƙimar pH ta kai 10.0, zafin jiki ya kai 30℃, n(Mg+): n(NH4+): n(P04-)= 1:1:1, yawan sinadarin ammonia nitrogen a cikin ruwan shara bayan an juya na tsawon minti 30 zai ragu daga 222mg/L kafin a yi magani zuwa 17mg/L, kuma yawan cirewa shine 92.3%.

An haɗa hanyar hazo ta sinadarai da kuma hanyar membrane mai ruwa don magance yawan ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen na masana'antu. A ƙarƙashin yanayin inganta tsarin hazo, ƙimar cire ammonia nitrogen ta kai kashi 98.1%, sannan kuma ƙarin magani da hanyar fim ɗin ruwa ya rage yawan ammonia nitrogen zuwa 0.005g/L, wanda ya kai matsayin fitarwa na ajin farko na ƙasa.

An binciki tasirin cire ions na ƙarfe masu yawa (Ni+, Mn+, Zn+, Cu+, Fe+) banda Mg+ akan ammonia nitrogen ƙarƙashin tasirin phosphate. An gabatar da wani sabon tsari na ruwan sama na CaSO4 na hazo-MAP ga ruwan sharar ammonium sulfate. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ana iya maye gurbin mai kula da NaOH na gargajiya da lemun tsami.

Amfanin hanyar hazo ta sinadarai shine lokacin da yawan ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen ya yi yawa, amfani da wasu hanyoyi yana da iyaka, kamar hanyar halittu, hanyar chlorination ta break point, hanyar rabuwar membrane, hanyar musayar ion, da sauransu. A wannan lokacin, ana iya amfani da hanyar hazo ta sinadarai don yin magani kafin a fara amfani da ita. Ingancin cirewar hanyar hazo ta sinadarai ya fi kyau, kuma ba a iyakance ta da zafin jiki ba, kuma aikin yana da sauƙi. Ana iya amfani da laka mai narkewa wanda ke ɗauke da magnesium ammonium phosphate a matsayin taki mai haɗawa don cimma amfani da sharar gida, don haka yana rage wani ɓangare na farashin; Idan za a iya haɗa shi da wasu kamfanonin masana'antu waɗanda ke samar da ruwan sharar phosphate da kamfanonin da ke samar da ruwan gishiri, zai iya adana farashin magunguna da sauƙaƙe aikace-aikace mai yawa.

Rashin kyawun hanyar hazo ta sinadarai shine saboda takaita narkewar sinadarin ammonium magnesium phosphate, bayan da sinadarin ammonia nitrogen a cikin ruwan shara ya kai wani matsayi, tasirin cirewa ba a bayyane yake ba kuma farashin shigarwar ya ƙaru sosai. Saboda haka, ya kamata a yi amfani da hanyar hazo ta sinadarai tare da wasu hanyoyin da suka dace da magani na gaba. Adadin sinadarin da ake amfani da shi yana da girma, laka da aka samar yana da yawa, kuma farashin magani yana da yawa. Gabatar da ions na chloride da sauran phosphorus yayin shan sinadarai na iya haifar da gurɓataccen abu na biyu cikin sauƙi.

Mai kera da kuma mai samar da Aluminum Sulfate na Jumla | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

Mai kera da kuma mai samar da Kayayyakin Sodium Phosphate na Dillali | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

② hanyar kashewa

Hanyar cire sinadarin ammonia nitrogen ta hanyar busawa ita ce a daidaita darajar pH zuwa alkaline, ta yadda ion ammonia da ke cikin ruwan shara zai koma ammonia, ta yadda zai kasance a cikin nau'in ammonia kyauta, sannan a fitar da ammonia kyauta daga ruwan shara ta hanyar iskar gas mai ɗaukar kaya, don cimma manufar cire ammonia nitrogen. Manyan abubuwan da ke shafar ingancin busawa sune ƙimar pH, zafin jiki, rabon iskar gas-ruwa, ƙimar kwararar iskar gas, yawan farko da sauransu. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da hanyar busawa sosai wajen magance ruwan shara tare da yawan ammonia nitrogen.

An yi nazarin cire sinadarin ammonia nitrogen daga magudanar zubar da shara ta hanyar amfani da hanyar hura iska. An gano cewa muhimman abubuwan da ke daidaita ingancin hura iska sune zafin jiki, rabon iskar gas da ruwa da kuma darajar pH. Idan zafin ruwa ya fi 2590, rabon iskar gas da ruwa shine kusan 3500, kuma pH shine kusan 10.5, adadin cirewa zai iya kaiwa fiye da kashi 90% na magudanar zubar da shara tare da yawan sinadarin ammonia nitrogen har zuwa 2000-4000mg/L. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa lokacin da pH = 11.5, zafin cirewa shine 80cC kuma lokacin cirewa shine mintuna 120, adadin cire sinadarin ammonia nitrogen a cikin ruwan shara zai iya kaiwa kashi 99.2%.

An gudanar da ingantaccen amfani da ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen mai yawan sinadarin ammonia ta hanyar amfani da hasumiyar busarwa ta countercurrent. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ingancin busarwa ya karu tare da karuwar darajar pH. Girman rabon iskar gas da ruwa, girman karfin tuƙin fitar da sinadarin ammonia, kuma ingancin cire shi ma yana ƙaruwa.

Cire sinadarin ammonia ta hanyar busawa yana da tasiri, sauƙin aiki kuma yana da sauƙin sarrafawa. Ana iya amfani da sinadarin ammonia da aka busa a matsayin abin sha tare da sinadarin sulfuric, kuma ana iya amfani da sinadarin sulfuric acid da aka samar a matsayin taki. Hanyar busawa fasaha ce da aka saba amfani da ita don cire sinadarin nitrogen na zahiri da na sinadarai a halin yanzu. Duk da haka, hanyar busawa tana da wasu rashin amfani, kamar yawan ɗigowa a cikin hasumiyar busawa, ƙarancin ingancin cire sinadarin ammonia a ƙananan zafin jiki, da kuma gurɓataccen iska da iskar gas ke haifarwa. Hanyar busawa gabaɗaya ana haɗa ta da wasu hanyoyin magance ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen don magance ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen mai yawan taro kafin a fara amfani da shi.

③Cutar chlorine mai ƙarfi

Tsarin cire sinadarin ammonia ta hanyar amfani da sinadarin chlorine a matsayin sinadarin da ke haifar da break point shine cewa iskar chlorine tana amsawa da sinadarin ammonia don samar da iskar nitrogen mara lahani, kuma N2 tana shiga cikin yanayi, wanda hakan ke sa tushen amsawar ya ci gaba zuwa dama. Tsarin martanin shine:

HOCl NH4 + + 1.5 – > 0.5 N2 H20 H++ Cl – 1.5 + 2.5 + 1.5)

Idan aka canza iskar chlorine zuwa cikin ruwan shara zuwa wani wuri, sinadarin chlorine kyauta a cikin ruwan ba shi da yawa, kuma yawan ammonia ba shi da yawa. Idan adadin iskar chlorine ya wuce wurin, adadin chlorine kyauta a cikin ruwan zai ƙaru, saboda haka, ana kiran wurin da wurin ya lalace, kuma chlorine a cikin wannan yanayin ana kiransa chlorine point break point.

Ana amfani da hanyar chlorine mai toshewar break point don magance ruwan sharar da aka haƙa bayan busar da sinadarin ammonia nitrogen, kuma tasirin maganin yana shafar kai tsaye ta hanyar tsarin busar da sinadarin ammonia nitrogen kafin a yi masa magani. Idan aka cire kashi 70% na sinadarin ammonia nitrogen a cikin ruwan shara ta hanyar busarwa sannan aka magance shi ta hanyar chlorine mai toshewar break point, yawan sinadarin ammonia nitrogen a cikin ruwan shara bai wuce 15mg/L ba. Zhang Shengli da abokan aikinsa sun ɗauki ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen mai kwaikwayon yawan sinadarin ammonia nitrogen tare da yawan sinadarin ammonia nitrogen mai nauyin 100mg/L a matsayin abin binciken, kuma sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa manyan abubuwan da ke shafar cire sinadarin ammonia nitrogen ta hanyar oxidation na sodium hypochlorite sune rabon adadin sinadarin chlorine da sinadarin ammonia nitrogen, lokacin amsawa, da ƙimar pH.

Hanyar chlorine mai hana fashewa tana da inganci sosai wajen cire nitrogen, ƙimar cirewa na iya kaiwa kashi 100%, kuma yawan ammonia a cikin ruwan shara za a iya rage shi zuwa sifili. Tasirin yana da ƙarfi kuma zafin jiki ba ya shafar shi; Kayan aikin saka hannun jari kaɗan, amsawa cikin sauri da cikakken bayani; Yana da tasirin tsaftacewa da tsaftacewa a jikin ruwa. Tsarin amfani da hanyar chlorine mai hana fashewa shine cewa yawan ruwan shara na ammonia nitrogen bai kai 40mg/L ba, don haka hanyar chlorine mai hana fashewa galibi ana amfani da ita don magance ruwan shara na ammonia nitrogen. Bukatar amfani da aminci da ajiya yana da yawa, farashin magani yana da yawa, kuma samfuran chloramines da chlorine da aka samar da chlorine za su haifar da gurɓatawa ta biyu.

④Hanyar iskar shaka ta catalytic

Hanyar hada iskar shaka ta catalytic ita ce ta hanyar aikin mai kara kuzari, a karkashin wani yanayi da matsin lamba, ta hanyar iskar shaka ta iska, kwayoyin halitta da ammonia a cikin najasa za a iya oxidize su kuma su zama abubuwa marasa lahani kamar CO2, N2 da H2O, don cimma manufar tsarkakewa.

Abubuwan da ke shafar tasirin iskar shaka ta catalytic sune halayen mai kara kuzari, zafin jiki, lokacin amsawa, ƙimar pH, yawan sinadarin ammonia nitrogen, matsin lamba, ƙarfin motsawa da sauransu.

An yi nazarin tsarin lalata sinadarin ammonia mai ozonated nitrogen. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa lokacin da ƙimar pH ta ƙaru, an samar da wani nau'in H2O mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na iskar shaka, kuma an hanzarta saurin iskar shaka. Nazarin ya nuna cewa ozone na iya oxidize ammonia nitrogen zuwa nitrite da nitrite zuwa nitrate. Yawan sinadarin ammonia nitrogen a cikin ruwa yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar lokaci, kuma ƙimar cire ammonia nitrogen kusan 82%. An yi amfani da CuO-Mn02-Ce02 a matsayin mai haɗaka don magance ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen. Sakamakon gwaji ya nuna cewa aikin oxidation na sabon mai haɗaka mai haɗaka ya inganta sosai, kuma yanayin aikin da ya dace shine 255℃, 4.2MPa da pH=10.8. A cikin maganin ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen tare da yawan farko na 1023mg/L, ƙimar cire ammonia nitrogen na iya kaiwa 98% cikin mintuna 150, wanda ya kai matsayin fitarwa na ƙasa (50mg/L).

An binciki aikin catalytic na zeolite photocatalyst da TiO2 ke tallafawa ta hanyar nazarin ƙimar lalata ammonia nitrogen a cikin maganin sulfuric acid. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mafi kyawun adadin photocatalyst na Ti02/zeolite shine 1.5g/L kuma lokacin amsawa shine awanni 4 a ƙarƙashin hasken ultraviolet. An yi nazarin ƙimar cire ammonia nitrogen daga ruwan shara na iya kaiwa 98.92%. Tasirin cire babban ƙarfe da nano-chin dioxide a ƙarƙashin hasken ultraviolet akan phenol da ammonia nitrogen. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ƙimar cire ammonia nitrogen shine 97.5% lokacin da aka shafa pH=9.0 a cikin maganin ammonia nitrogen tare da yawan 50mg/L, wanda shine 7.8% da 22.5% mafi girma fiye da na babban ƙarfe ko Chine dioxide kaɗai.

Hanyar iskar shaka ta catalytic tana da fa'idodin ingantaccen tsaftacewa, tsari mai sauƙi, ƙaramin yanki na ƙasa, da sauransu, kuma galibi ana amfani da ita don magance ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen mai yawan tarin abubuwa. Wahalar amfani da ita ita ce yadda za a hana asarar mai kara kuzari da kariyar tsatsa na kayan aiki.

⑤ hanyar hadawan abu da iskar shaka ta lantarki

Hanyar hada iskar gas ta lantarki (electrochemical oxidation) tana nufin hanyar cire gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da electrooxidation tare da aikin catalytic. Abubuwan da ke tasiri sune yawan wutar lantarki, yawan kwararar ruwa, lokacin fitarwa da lokacin mafita.

An yi nazarin yadda sinadarin electrochemical oxidation na ruwan sharar ammonia-nitrogen a cikin ƙwayar electrolytic mai yawo, inda mai kyau shine wutar lantarki ta hanyar sadarwa ta Ti/Ru02-TiO2-Ir02-SnO2 kuma mara kyau shine wutar lantarki ta hanyar sadarwa ta Ti. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa lokacin da yawan sinadarin chloride ion ya kai 400mg/L, yawan sinadarin ammonia na farko shine 40mg/L, yawan kwararar da ke cikinsa shine 600mL/min, yawan da ke cikinsa shine 20mA/cm, kuma lokacin electrolytic shine minti 90, yawan cire sinadarin ammonia shine 99.37%. Yana nuna cewa sinadarin electrolytic oxidation na ruwan sharar ammonia-nitrogen yana da kyakkyawan damar amfani.

3. Tsarin cire sinadarin nitrogen mai guba

①dukan nitrification da denitrification

Nitrification da denitrification gaba ɗaya wani nau'i ne na hanyar halitta wanda aka daɗe ana amfani da shi sosai a halin yanzu. Yana canza ammonia nitrogen a cikin ruwan shara zuwa nitrogen ta hanyar jerin halayen kamar nitrification da denitrification a ƙarƙashin tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban, don cimma manufar maganin sharar gida. Tsarin nitrification da denitrification don cire ammonia nitrogen yana buƙatar wucewa matakai biyu:

Hawan Nitrification: Ana kammala aikin nitrification ta hanyar amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin kamuwa da cuta ta aerobic. A yanayin aerobic, ana amfani da nitrogen mara tsari a matsayin tushen nitrogen don canza NH4+ zuwa NO2-, sannan a haɗa shi da oxidize zuwa NO3-. Tsarin nitrification za a iya raba shi zuwa matakai biyu. A mataki na biyu, ana canza nitrite zuwa nitrate (NO3-) ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin kamuwa da cuta, kuma ana canza nitrite zuwa nitrate (NO3-) ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin kamuwa da cuta.

Halayen Denitrification: Halayen Denitrification shine tsarin da ƙwayoyin cuta masu rage nitrifying ke rage nitrogen da nitrogen na nitrogen zuwa nitrogen mai iskar gas (N2) a yanayin hypoxia. Kwayoyin cuta masu rage nitrifying sune ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da juna, waɗanda yawancinsu suna cikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da amphictic. A yanayin hypoxia, suna amfani da iskar oxygen a cikin nitrate a matsayin mai karɓar electron da kuma kwayoyin halitta (BOD component a cikin najasa) a matsayin mai ba da wutar lantarki don samar da makamashi da kuma zama mai ƙarfi da daidaito.

Duk aikace-aikacen injiniyan nitrification da denitrification gabaɗaya sun haɗa da AO, A2O, ramin oxidation, da sauransu, wanda hanya ce mafi girma da ake amfani da ita a masana'antar cire nitrogen na halitta.

Hanyar nitrification da denitrification gaba ɗaya tana da fa'idodin tasirin tsayayye, aiki mai sauƙi, babu gurɓataccen abu na biyu da ƙarancin farashi. Wannan hanyar kuma tana da wasu matsaloli, kamar dole ne a ƙara tushen carbon lokacin da rabon C/N a cikin ruwan shara ya yi ƙasa, buƙatun zafin jiki yana da tsauri, ingancinsa ya yi ƙasa a ƙananan zafin jiki, yankin yana da girma, buƙatar iskar oxygen yana da girma, kuma wasu abubuwa masu cutarwa kamar ions na ƙarfe masu nauyi suna da tasiri mai ƙarfi akan ƙananan halittu, waɗanda ke buƙatar a cire su kafin a aiwatar da hanyar halittu. Bugu da ƙari, yawan sinadarin ammonia nitrogen a cikin ruwan shara shi ma yana da tasiri mai hana tsari na nitrification. Saboda haka, ya kamata a yi magani kafin a yi maganin ruwan shara na ammonia nitrogen mai yawan taro ta yadda yawan ruwan shara na ammonia nitrogen ya zama ƙasa da 500mg/L. Hanyar nazarin halittu ta gargajiya ta dace da maganin ruwan shara na ammonia nitrogen mai ƙarancin taro wanda ke ɗauke da abubuwa na halitta, kamar najasa na gida, ruwan shara na sinadarai, da sauransu.

②Nitrification da denitrification lokaci guda (SND)

Idan aka yi amfani da nitrification da denitrification tare a cikin reactor ɗaya, ana kiransa denitrification na narkewa a lokaci guda (SND). Iskar oxygen da aka narkar a cikin ruwan sharar gida tana iyakance ta hanyar yaduwar iskar oxygen don samar da narkar oxygen a cikin yankin microenvironment akan microfloc ko biofilm, wanda ke sa narkar oxygen gradient a saman waje na microbial floc ko biofilm ya taimaka wajen girma da yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta na aerobic nitrifying da ƙwayoyin cuta na ammonia. Da zurfi cikin floc ko membrane, da ƙarancin yawan oxygen da aka narkar, wanda ke haifar da yankin anoxic inda ƙwayoyin cuta masu denitrifying suka mamaye. Don haka suna samar da tsarin narkewa da denitrification a lokaci guda. Abubuwan da ke shafar narkewar abinci da denitrification a lokaci guda sune ƙimar PH, zafin jiki, alkalinity, tushen carbon na halitta, oxygen da aka narkar da shi da kuma shekarun laka.

Nitrification/denitrification lokaci guda ya kasance a cikin ramin oxidation na Carrousel, kuma yawan iskar oxygen da aka narkar tsakanin impeller mai iska a cikin ramin oxidation na Carrousel ya ragu a hankali, kuma iskar oxygen da aka narkar a cikin ƙasan ramin oxidation na Carrousel ya yi ƙasa da na sama. Samuwa da amfani da nitrogen na nitrate a kowane ɓangare na tashar kusan daidai yake, kuma yawan ammonia nitrogen a cikin tashar koyaushe yana da ƙasa sosai, wanda ke nuna cewa halayen nitrification da denitrification suna faruwa a lokaci guda a cikin tashar oxidation na Carrousel.

Binciken da aka yi kan maganin najasa a gida ya nuna cewa yawan CODCr, haka nan cikakken denitrification da kuma mafi kyawun cire TN. Tasirin oxygen da aka narkar akan nitrification da denitrification a lokaci guda yana da kyau. Lokacin da aka sarrafa iskar oxygen da aka narkar a 0.5 ~ 2mg/L, jimlar tasirin cire nitrogen yana da kyau. A lokaci guda, hanyar nitrification da denitrification tana adana reactor, tana rage lokacin amsawa, tana da ƙarancin amfani da makamashi, tana adana jari, kuma tana da sauƙin kiyaye ƙimar pH ɗin ta daidaita.

③Narkewa da kuma rage cin abinci

A cikin wannan reactor, ana amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu oxidizing ammonia don oxidize ammonia zuwa nitrite a ƙarƙashin yanayin iskar oxygen, sannan a cire nitrite kai tsaye don samar da nitrogen tare da kwayoyin halitta ko tushen carbon na waje a matsayin mai ba da wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin yanayin hypoxia. Abubuwan da ke haifar da nitrification da denitrification na ɗan gajeren lokaci sune zafin jiki, ammonia kyauta, ƙimar pH da oxygen da aka narkar.

Tasirin zafin jiki akan nitrification na najasar birni ba tare da ruwan teku ba da kuma najasar birni da kashi 30% na ruwan teku. Sakamakon gwaji ya nuna cewa: ga najasar birni ba tare da ruwan teku ba, ƙara zafin jiki yana da amfani wajen cimma nitrification na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Lokacin da adadin ruwan teku a cikin najasar gida ya kai kashi 30%, ana iya samun nitrification na ɗan gajeren lokaci mafi kyau a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi matsakaici. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Delft ta haɓaka tsarin SHARON, amfani da babban zafin jiki (kimanin 30-4090) yana da amfani ga yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta na nitrite, don haka ƙwayoyin cuta na nitrite suna rasa gasa, yayin da ta hanyar sarrafa shekarun laka don kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta na nitrite, don haka amsawar nitrification a matakin nitrite.

Dangane da bambancin da ke tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta na nitrite da ƙwayoyin cuta na nitrite, Dakin Gwaji na Gent Microbial Ecology ya ƙirƙiro tsarin OLAND don cimma tarin nitrite nitrogen ta hanyar sarrafa narkar da iskar oxygen don kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta na nitrite.

Sakamakon gwajin gwaji na maganin sharar gida na coking ta hanyar nitrification da denitrification na ɗan gajeren lokaci ya nuna cewa lokacin da yawan COD, ammonia nitrogen, TN da phenol suka kai 1201.6,510.4,540.1 da 110.4mg/L, matsakaicin yawan COD, ammonia nitrogen, TN da phenol da ke fitarwa sune 197.1,14.2,181.5 da 0.4mg/L, bi da bi. Adadin cirewa da ya dace shine 83.6%, 97.2%, 66.4% da 99.6%, bi da bi.

Tsarin nitrification da denitrification na ɗan gajeren lokaci ba ya wuce matakin nitrate, yana adana tushen carbon da ake buƙata don cire nitrogen na halitta. Yana da wasu fa'idodi ga ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen tare da ƙarancin rabon C/N. Nitrification da denitrification na ɗan gajeren lokaci suna da fa'idodin ƙarancin laka, ɗan gajeren lokacin amsawa da adana yawan reactor. Duk da haka, nitrification da denitrification na ɗan gajeren lokaci suna buƙatar tarin nitrite mai ɗorewa da dorewa, don haka yadda za a hana ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta na nitrifying yadda ya kamata ya zama mabuɗin.

④ Iskar oxygen ta ammonia mai ƙarfi

Ammoxidation na anaerobic tsari ne na oxidation kai tsaye na ammonia nitrogen zuwa nitrogen ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin kamuwa da cuta a ƙarƙashin yanayin hypoxia, tare da nitrous nitrogen ko nitrous nitrogen a matsayin mai karɓar lantarki.

An yi nazarin tasirin zafin jiki da PH akan aikin halittu na anammoX. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa zafin amsawa mafi kyau shine 30℃ kuma ƙimar pH shine 7.8. An yi nazarin yuwuwar na'urar samar da sinadarin ammoX na anaerobic don magance yawan gishiri da yawan sinadarin nitrogen. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa yawan gishiri ya hana aikin anammoX sosai, kuma wannan hanawar ta kasance mai jurewa. Ayyukan ammox na anaerobic na laka mara jurewa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 67.5% fiye da na laka mara jurewa a ƙarƙashin gishirin 30g.L-1 (NaC1). Ayyukan anammoX na laka mara jurewa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 45.1% fiye da na na'urar samar da sinadarin. Lokacin da aka canza laka mara jurewa daga yanayin gishiri mai yawa zuwa yanayin gishiri mai ƙarancin gishiri (babu ruwan gishiri), aikin ammoX na anaerobic ya karu da kashi 43.1%. Duk da haka, na'urar samar da wutar lantarki tana fuskantar raguwar aiki idan tana aiki a cikin gishiri mai yawa na dogon lokaci.

Idan aka kwatanta da tsarin halittu na gargajiya, harsashin anaerobic wata fasaha ce ta cire sinadarin nitrogen mai inganci wadda ba ta da ƙarin tushen carbon, ƙarancin buƙatar iskar oxygen, babu buƙatar sinadaran da za su rage yawan sinadarin, da kuma ƙarancin samar da laka. Rashin kyawun sinadarin anaerobic shine saurin amsawar yana da jinkiri, girman sinadarin reactor yana da girma, kuma tushen carbon ba shi da kyau ga amMOX na anaerobic, wanda ke da mahimmanci wajen magance matsalar ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen tare da ƙarancin lalacewa.

4. tsari na cire nitrogen daga rabuwa da shaye-shaye

① hanyar rabuwar membrane

Hanyar rabuwar membrane ita ce amfani da zaɓaɓɓen permeability na membrane don raba abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa, don cimma manufar cire nitrogen na ammonia. Ya haɗa da reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, deammoniating membrane da electrodialysis. Abubuwan da ke shafar rabuwar membrane sune halayen membrane, matsin lamba ko ƙarfin lantarki, ƙimar pH, zafin jiki da yawan nitrogen na ammonia.

Dangane da ingancin ruwan sharar da sinadarin ammonia nitrogen ke fitarwa daga na'urar narkar da ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, an gudanar da gwajin osmosis na baya tare da NH4C1 da ruwan sharar da NaCI ya kwaikwaya. An gano cewa a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya, osmosis na baya yana da mafi girman ƙimar cirewa na NaCI, yayin da NHCl ke da mafi girman ƙimar samar da ruwa. Yawan cirewa na NH4C1 shine kashi 77.3% bayan maganin osmosis na baya, wanda za'a iya amfani da shi azaman maganin ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen kafin a yi masa magani. Fasahar osmosis ta baya na iya adana makamashi, kwanciyar hankali mai kyau na zafi, amma juriyar chlorine, da juriyar gurɓatawa ba su da kyau.

An yi amfani da tsarin raba membrane nanofiltration na biochemical don magance zubar da shara, ta yadda kashi 85% ~ 90% na ruwan da ke shiga cikin ruwa ya fita bisa ga ƙa'ida, kuma kashi 0% ~ 15% kawai na ruwan najasa da laka mai yawa aka mayar da shi cikin tankin shara. Ozturki da abokan aikinsa sun yi maganin zubar da shara na Odayeri a Turkiyya da membrane na nanofiltration, kuma yawan cire sinadarin ammonia nitrogen ya kai kusan kashi 72%. membrane na nanofiltration yana buƙatar ƙaramin matsin lamba fiye da membrane na reverse osmosis, mai sauƙin aiki.

Ana amfani da tsarin membrane mai cire ammonia gabaɗaya wajen magance ruwan shara da sinadarin ammonia mai yawa. Ammonia nitrogen a cikin ruwa yana da ma'auni kamar haka: NH4- +OH-= NH3+H2O yana aiki, ruwan shara mai ɗauke da ammonia yana gudana a cikin harsashin membrane module, kuma ruwan shara mai ɗauke da acid yana gudana a cikin bututun membrane module. Lokacin da PH na ruwan shara ya ƙaru ko zafin ya ƙaru, daidaiton zai canza zuwa dama, kuma ammonia ion NH4- ya zama NH3 mai iskar gas mai kyauta. A wannan lokacin, iskar gas NH3 na iya shiga matakin ruwa na sharar acid a cikin bututun daga matakin ruwan shara a cikin harsashi ta hanyar ƙananan ramuka a saman zare mai zurfi, wanda maganin acid ke sha kuma nan da nan ya zama ionic NH4-. Kiyaye PH na ruwan shara sama da 10, da zafin da ya wuce 35 ° C (ƙasa da 50 ° C), don haka NH4 a cikin matakin ruwan shara zai ci gaba da zama NH3 zuwa ƙaurar matakin ruwa na shara. Sakamakon haka, yawan sinadarin ammonia nitrogen a ɓangaren ruwan shara ya ragu akai-akai. Lokacin shan ruwa na acid, saboda akwai acid da NH4- kawai, yana samar da gishirin ammonia mai tsarki, kuma yana kaiwa wani matsayi bayan ci gaba da zagayawa, wanda za a iya sake amfani da shi. A gefe guda, amfani da wannan fasaha na iya inganta yawan cire sinadarin ammonia nitrogen a cikin ruwan shara, kuma a gefe guda, yana iya rage jimlar kuɗin aiki na tsarin tsaftace ruwan shara.

② hanyar electrodialysis

Electrodialysis hanya ce ta cire daskararrun da suka narke daga ruwan da ke cikinsa ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin membrane biyu. A ƙarƙashin aikin ƙarfin lantarki, ions na ammonia da sauran ions a cikin ruwan sharar ammonia-nitrogen suna wadatarwa ta cikin membrane a cikin ruwan da ke ɗauke da ammonia, don cimma manufar cirewa.

An yi amfani da hanyar electrodialysis don magance ruwan sharar gida mara amfani tare da yawan sinadarin ammonia nitrogen kuma an sami sakamako mai kyau. Don ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen mai nauyin 2000-3000mg /L, yawan cire sinadarin ammonia nitrogen zai iya kaiwa fiye da 85%, kuma ana iya samun ruwan ammonia mai yawan amfani da shi da kashi 8.9%. Adadin wutar lantarki da ake amfani da shi yayin aikin electrodialysis ya yi daidai da adadin sinadarin ammonia nitrogen a cikin ruwan sharar gida. Maganin electrodialysis na ruwan sharar gida ba ya iyakance ga ƙimar pH, zafin jiki da matsin lamba, kuma yana da sauƙin sarrafawa.

Amfanin rabuwar membrane shine murmurewa mai yawa na ammonia nitrogen, aiki mai sauƙi, tasirin magani mai ɗorewa da kuma rashin gurɓataccen abu na biyu. Duk da haka, a cikin maganin ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen mai yawan taro, ban da membrane mai narkewa, sauran membranes suna da sauƙin girma da toshewa, kuma ana yawan sake farfadowa da wankewa da baya, wanda ke ƙara farashin magani. Saboda haka, wannan hanyar ta fi dacewa da maganin kafin ko kuma ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen mai ƙarancin taro.

③ Hanyar musayar ion

Hanyar musayar ion hanya ce ta cire sinadarin ammonia nitrogen daga ruwan shara ta hanyar amfani da kayan da ke ɗauke da sinadarin ammonia mai ƙarfi. Kayan da ake amfani da su wajen haɗa sinadarai sune carbon, zeolite, montmorillonite da kuma exchange resin. Zeolite wani nau'in silico-aluminate ne mai girman girma uku, tsarin ramuka na yau da kullun da ramuka, daga cikinsu akwai clinoptilolite mai ƙarfi wajen haɗa sinadarin ammonia ions da ƙarancin farashi, don haka ana amfani da shi a matsayin kayan shara don shara ammonia nitrogen a fannin injiniyanci. Abubuwan da ke shafar tasirin maganin clinoptilolite sun haɗa da girman barbashi, yawan sinadarin ammonia nitrogen mai tasiri, lokacin hulɗa, ƙimar pH da sauransu.

Tasirin shaƙar zeolite akan ammonia nitrogen a bayyane yake, sai kuma ranite, kuma tasirin ƙasa da ceramisite ba shi da kyau. Babban hanyar cire ammonia nitrogen daga zeolite shine musayar ion, kuma tasirin shaƙar jiki yana da ƙanƙanta sosai. Tasirin musayar ion na ceramite, ƙasa da ranite yayi kama da tasirin shaƙar jiki. Ƙarfin shaƙar na abubuwan cika guda huɗu ya ragu tare da ƙaruwar zafin jiki a cikin kewayon 15-35℃, kuma ya ƙaru tare da ƙaruwar ƙimar pH a cikin kewayon 3-9. An cimma daidaiton shaƙar bayan awanni 6 na juyawa.

An yi nazarin yuwuwar cire sinadarin ammonia nitrogen daga magudanar ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sinadarin zeolite. Sakamakon gwajin ya nuna cewa kowace gram na zeolite tana da ƙarancin ƙarfin sha na ammonia nitrogen 15.5mg, lokacin da girman ƙwayar zeolite ya kai raga 30-16, ƙimar cire sinadarin ammonia nitrogen ya kai kashi 78.5%, kuma a ƙarƙashin lokacin sha, yawan amfani da shi da girman ƙwayar zeolite, yawan sinadarin ammonia nitrogen mai tasiri, yawan sinadarin ammonia nitrogen mai tasiri, kuma yana yiwuwa ga zeolite a matsayin mai sha ya cire sinadarin ammonia nitrogen daga magudanar ruwa. A lokaci guda, an nuna cewa ƙimar sha na ammonia nitrogen ta zeolite ƙasa ce, kuma yana da wahala ga zeolite ya kai ƙarfin sha na jikewa a cikin aiki mai amfani.

An yi nazarin tasirin cirewar gadon zeolite na halitta akan nitrogen, COD da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin najasar ƙauye da aka yi kwaikwayonsu. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa yawan cirewar ammonia nitrogen ta hanyar gadon zeolite na halitta ya fi kashi 95%, kuma cirewar nitrate nitrogen yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar lokacin zama na hydraulic.

Hanyar musayar ion tana da fa'idodin ƙaramin jari, tsari mai sauƙi, aiki mai sauƙi, rashin jin daɗi ga guba da zafin jiki, da sake amfani da zeolite ta hanyar sake farfaɗowa. Duk da haka, lokacin da ake magance ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen mai yawan maida hankali, sake farfaɗowa yana yawan faruwa, wanda ke haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga aikin, don haka yana buƙatar a haɗa shi da wasu hanyoyin maganin ammonia nitrogen, ko kuma a yi amfani da shi don magance ruwan sharar ammonia nitrogen mai ƙarancin maida hankali.

Mai kera da kuma mai samar da Zeolite na 4A na dillali | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)