Maganin ruwa mai dauke da acid

Ruwan ruwa na acidic shine ruwan datti tare da ƙimar pH ƙasa da 6. Bisa ga nau'o'in nau'i daban-daban da kuma yawan adadin acid, ana iya raba ruwan acidic zuwa ruwan sharar ruwa na inorganic acid da kwayoyin acid.Ruwa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da ruwa mai rauni mai rauni;Monoacid ruwan sha da polyacid ruwan sha;Ruwan sharar ruwa mai ƙarancin hankali da kuma yawan ruwan sharar acid.Yawanci ruwan dattin acid, baya ga dauke da wasu acid, sau da yawa kuma yana kunshe da ion karfe mai nauyi da gishirin su da sauran abubuwa masu cutarwa.Ruwan sharar ruwa na acidic ya fito ne daga maɓuɓɓuka masu yawa, gami da magudanar ruwa na mine, hydrometallurgy, mirgina ƙarfe, jiyya na saman acid na ƙarfe da ƙarfe mara ƙarfe, masana'antar sinadarai, samar da acid, rini, electrolysis, electroplating, filaye na wucin gadi da sauran sassan masana'antu.Ruwan sharar acid na gama gari shine ruwan sharar sulfuric acid, sai kuma hydrochloric acid da ruwan sharar nitric acid.A kowace shekara, kasar Sin na gab da fitar da acid acid na masana'antu kusan cubic mita miliyan daya, idan aka fitar da wadannan ruwan sharar kai tsaye ba tare da magani ba, zai lalata bututun mai, da lalata amfanin gona, da cutar da kifi, da lalata jiragen ruwa, da kuma lalata lafiyar muhalli.Dole ne a kula da ruwan sharar acid na masana'antu don cika ka'idodin fitarwa na ƙasa kafin fitarwa, ana iya sake yin amfani da ruwan acid ɗin kuma a sake amfani da shi.Lokacin da ake magance acid ɗin datti, ana iya zaɓar hanyoyin sun haɗa da maganin gishiri, hanyar maida hankali, hanyar kawar da sinadarai, hanyar cirewa, hanyar musanya resin ion, hanyar rabuwar membrane, da sauransu.

1. gishiri fita sake yin amfani da

Abin da ake kira salting out shine a yi amfani da ruwa mai yawa na cikakken ruwan gishiri don hado kusan dukkanin ƙazantattun kwayoyin halitta a cikin sharar acid.Duk da haka, wannan hanya za ta samar da acid hydrochloric kuma yana tasiri farfadowa da amfani da sulfuric acid a cikin sharar gida, don haka an yi nazarin hanyar salting fitar da ƙazantattun kwayoyin halitta a cikin sharar acid tare da sodium bisulphate cikakken bayani.
Acid ɗin sharar gida yana ƙunshe da sulfuric acid da ƙazantattun kwayoyin halitta iri-iri, waɗanda galibi ƙananan adadin 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 sulfonic acid da isomers daban-daban ban da 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid wanda toluene ke samarwa a ciki. Tsarin sulfonation, chlorination da nitrification.Hanyar fitar da gishiri ita ce a yi amfani da cikakken ruwan gishiri mai yawa don hado kusan dukkan ƙazantattun kwayoyin halitta a cikin sharar acid.Hanyar sake amfani da gishiri ba zai iya kawar da ƙazanta daban-daban a cikin sharar gida ba, har ma ya dawo da sulfuric acid don sakawa a cikin samar da sake zagayowar, ceton farashi da makamashi.

2. Hanyar gasasu

Ana amfani da hanyar gasasshen ga acid mai lalacewa kamar hydrochloric acid, wanda aka raba daga maganin ta hanyar gasa don cimma sakamako mai murmurewa.

3. Hanyar neutralization na sinadaran

Asalin acid-base reaction na H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O shima muhimmin tushe ne na maganin ruwa mai dauke da acid.Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen magance ruwan datti mai dauke da acid sun hada da kawar da ruwa da sake yin amfani da su, da kawar da ruwan acid-base, da kawar da magunguna, da tacewa, da dai sauransu. A farkon zamanin da wasu kamfanoni na karafa da karafa a kasar Sin suka yi, yawancinsu sun yi amfani da hanyar. neutralization na tushen acid don kula da sharar ruwa na hydrochloric acid da sulfuric acid pickling, ta yadda darajar pH ta kai matsayin fitarwa.Sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium hydroxide, farar ƙasa ko lemun tsami a matsayin albarkatun kasa don tsaka-tsakin acid-tushe, babban amfani yana da arha, mai sauƙin yin lemun tsami.

4. Hanyar cirewa

Ruwa-ruwa hakar, kuma aka sani da sauran ƙarfi hakar, ne naúrar aiki da cewa yana amfani da bambanci a solubility na sassa a cikin albarkatun kasa ruwa a dace da ƙarfi don cimma rabuwa.A cikin kula da ruwan sha mai dauke da acid, wajibi ne a sanya ruwan da ke dauke da acid da kuma maganin kwayoyin halitta ya zama cikakke, don haka ƙazantattun abubuwan da ke cikin sharar gida suna canjawa wuri zuwa mai narkewa.Abubuwan buƙatun cirewa sune: (1) don acid ɗin datti ba ya da ƙarfi, ba ya amsa sinadarai tare da acid ɗin datti, kuma baya narke cikin datti;(2) Abubuwan da ba su da kyau a cikin sharar acid suna da babban adadin rabo a cikin cirewa da sulfuric acid;(3) Farashin yana da arha kuma mai sauƙin samu;(4) Sauƙin rabuwa da ƙazanta, ƙananan asara lokacin tsiri.Abubuwan cirewa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da benzene (toluene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene), phenols (creosote danyen diphenol), halogenated hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, dichloroethane), isopropyl ether da N-503.

5. Hanyar guduro musayar ion

Babban ka'idar kula da sharar ruwa ta kwayoyin acid ta hanyar resin ion shine cewa wasu resins na musanya ion na iya shayar da kwayoyin acid daga maganin sharar acid kuma su ware inorganic acid da gishirin karfe don cimma rabuwar acid da gishiri daban-daban.

6. Hanyar rabuwa da membrane

Don ruwan sharar acidic, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin maganin membrane kamar dialysis da electrodialysis.Farfadowar acid ɗin da ke cikin membrane galibi yana ɗaukar ƙa'idar dialysis, wanda ke haifar da bambancin maida hankali.Dukan na'urar ta ƙunshi membrane dialysis na yaduwa, farantin rarraba ruwa, farantin ƙarfafa, firam ɗin farantin ruwa, da sauransu, kuma yana samun tasirin rabuwa ta hanyar rarraba abubuwa a cikin ruwa mai sharar gida.

7. hanyar sanyaya crystallization

Hanyar sanyaya crystallization hanya ce don rage yawan zafin jiki na maganin da kuma zubar da solute.An yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin maganin acid na sharar gida cewa ƙazantattun abubuwan da ke cikin sharar gida suna kwantar da su don dawo da maganin acid wanda ya dace da bukatun kuma za'a iya sake amfani da su.Misali, sharar sulfuric acid da aka fitar daga tsarin wanke-wanke na acyl na injin birgima yana ƙunshe da adadi mai yawa na sulfate na ƙarfe, wanda aka bi da shi ta hanyar maida hankali-crystallization da tacewa.Bayan cire ferrous sulfate ta hanyar tacewa, ana iya mayar da acid ɗin zuwa tsarin tsinken ƙarfe don ci gaba da amfani.
Cooling crystallization yana da aikace-aikacen masana'antu da yawa, waɗanda aka kwatanta a nan ta hanyar ɗaukar kayan aiki a cikin sarrafa ƙarfe.A cikin aikin sarrafa ƙarfe da injina, ana amfani da maganin sulfuric acid da yawa don cire tsatsa a saman ƙarfe.Sabili da haka, sake yin amfani da acid na sharar gida na iya rage farashi da kuma kare muhalli.Ana amfani da crystallization sanyaya a cikin masana'antu don cimma wannan tsari.

8. Hanyar Oxidation

An dade ana amfani da wannan hanyar, kuma ka'idar ita ce ta lalata abubuwan da ba su da kyau a cikin sharar gida na sulfuric acid ta hanyar oxidizing jamiái a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ya dace, ta yadda za a iya canza shi zuwa carbon dioxide, ruwa, nitrogen oxides, da dai sauransu. rabu da sulfuric acid, don haka datti sulfuric acid za a iya tsarkake da kuma dawo da.Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su sune hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, perchloric acid, hypochlorous acid, nitrate, ozone da sauransu.Kowane oxidizer yana da fa'ida da iyakancewa.